Electron density
vs benzene
Ortho / para directors
–H
–NH₂
–OH
–OCH₃
–NHCOCH₃
–CH₃
–Cl
–Br
Meta directors
–CHO
–COCH₃
–COOH
–CN
–SO₃H
–NO₂
–N⁺(CH₃)₃
–NH₃⁺
Electrophile
Nitration
Bromination
Sulphonation
FC alkylation
FC acylation
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Mechanism
Directing
effects
Predict