Organic Compounds · Properties & Uses
The NCERT Class 11–12 reference — each important compound with its physical properties and real-world uses, grouped by family. The facts most heavily tested in JEE, NEET and Boards.
Haloalkanes · boiling-point & property trends
| Trend | Order | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| B.p. vs halogen | R–I > R–Br > R–Cl > R–F | Heavier halogen → more electrons → stronger van der Waals |
| B.p. vs chain | Rises with size, falls with branching | Surface area controls van der Waals contact |
| Density | Bromo, iodo & polychloro compounds > water; simple chloroalkanes < water | Rises with number and mass of halogen atoms (1-chlorobutane 0.89, CH₂Cl₂ 1.33, CHCl₃ 1.49 g cm⁻³) |
| Water solubility | Poor | Energy needed to break water’s H-bonds is not recovered by the weak haloalkane–water attractions |
Polymers · monomer → use
| Polymer | Monomer(s) | Type | Main uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polythene | Ethene | Addition | Bags, bottles, insulation, packaging |
| PVC | Vinyl chloride | Addition | Pipes, cable insulation, raincoats, flooring |
| Teflon (PTFE) | Tetrafluoroethene | Addition | Non-stick coatings, gaskets, seals |
| Polystyrene | Styrene | Addition | Cups, packaging, thermocol insulation |
| Nylon-6,6 | Adipic acid + HMDA | Condensation | Fibres, ropes, tyre cord, textiles |
| Nylon-6 | Caprolactam | Condensation | Tyre cord, fabrics |
| Terylene / Dacron | Ethylene glycol + terephthalic acid | Condensation | Polyester fabric, PET bottles, film |
| Bakelite | Phenol + formaldehyde | Condensation | Switches, handles, electrical fittings |
| Buna-S | Butadiene + styrene | Copolymer | Tyres, footwear soles |
| Natural rubber | Isoprene | Addition (natural) | Elastic goods (vulcanised for strength) |
Carbohydrates · di- & polysaccharides
| Carbohydrate | Built from | Nature & use |
|---|---|---|
| Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose | Table sugar; non-reducing; hydrolyses to 'invert sugar' |
| Maltose | Glucose + Glucose | Malt sugar; reducing |
| Lactose | Glucose + Galactose | Milk sugar; reducing |
| Starch | α-Glucose (amylose + amylopectin) | Plant food store; staple energy source |
| Cellulose | β-Glucose chains | Plant cell walls; paper, cotton, textiles |
JEE / NEET exam radar
▪ CHCl₃ → phosgene (COCl₂) on air oxidation → stored in dark bottles filled to the brim.
▪ CFCs / Freons deplete stratospheric ozone (Montreal Protocol phase-out).
▪ DDT is persistent and largely banned; bio-accumulates.
▪ Haloalkane b.p.: R–I > R–Br > R–Cl > R–F; bromo, iodo and polychloro compounds are denser than water.
▪ Carboxylic acids dimerise → boil above alcohols of equal mass; amines boil below alcohols.
IG @suraj.thechemistWeb surajsirchem.liveEmail info@surajsirchem.liveCall +91 84259 53496