Name Reactions 80 cards · Organic Chemistry C–C bond formation Wurtz reaction 2 R–X + 2 Na / dry ether → R–R. Symmetrical alkane; poor for unsymmetrical. Tap to flip C–C bond formation Wurtz–Fittig reaction Ar–X + R–X + Na → alkylarene (aryl + alkyl coupling). Tap to flip C–C bond formation Fittig reaction 2 Ar–X + Na → biaryl (aryl–aryl coupling). Tap to flip C–C bond formation Frankland reaction R–X + Zn → dialkylzinc; used to build alkanes. Tap to flip C–C bond formation Ullmann reaction 2 Ar–X + Cu, Δ → biaryl (diaryl coupling). Tap to flip 🔒 +75 more cards Unlock with the free 2-day portal preview
Physical Chemistry Formulas 118 cards · Physical Chemistry Mole Concept Moles from mass n = W / M — W = given mass, M = molar mass. Tap to flip Mole Concept Number of particles N = n × N_A — N_A = 6.022×10²³ mol⁻¹. Tap to flip Mole Concept Molarity M = n_solute / V_(L) — Moles of solute per litre of solution. Tap to flip Mole Concept Molality m = n_solute / W_solvent(kg) — Independent of temperature. Tap to flip Mole Concept % yield = (actual / theoretical) × 100 — Based on limiting reagent. Tap to flip 🔒 +113 more cards Unlock with the free 2-day portal preview
Important Concepts 30 cards · All chapters Atomic Structure Aufbau exceptions: Cr and Cu Cr = [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ and Cu = [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ — half-filled and fully filled d subshells are extra stable (exchange energy, symmetry). Tap to flip Atomic Structure Hund's rule Electrons occupy degenerate orbitals singly, with parallel spins, before any pairing starts. Tap to flip Atomic Structure Nodes in an orbital Radial nodes = n − l − 1; angular nodes = l; total nodes = n − 1. Tap to flip Periodic Table Why is the electron gain enthalpy of Cl more negative than F? F's small 2p shell is crowded, so an incoming electron feels strong repulsion. Cl's larger 3p shell has more room. Tap to flip Periodic Table Lanthanoid contraction Steady decrease in size from La to Lu because 4f electrons shield poorly. Result: Zr and Hf have almost the same radius. Tap to flip 🔒 +25 more cards Unlock with the free 2-day portal preview
Functional Group Tests 36 cards · Organic Chemistry Unsaturation (C=C, C≡C) Baeyer's test — what do you see? Reagent: Cold dilute alkaline KMnO₄ (purple) → Purple colour disappears; brown MnO₂ appears · Test for unsaturation. Also given by easily-oxidised groups (aldehydes, phenols). Tap to flip Unsaturation (C=C, C≡C) Bromine-water test — what do you see? Reagent: Br₂ in water (reddish-brown) → Reddish-brown colour disappears (addition) · Phenol & aniline also decolourise it — but by substitution, giving a white ppt. Tap to flip Terminal alkyne (≡C–H) Ammoniacal AgNO₃ — what do you see? Reagent: [Ag(NH₃)₂]OH (Tollen’s) → White precipitate (silver acetylide) · Only terminal alkynes (–C≡C–H). Internal alkynes give no ppt. Tap to flip Terminal alkyne (≡C–H) Ammoniacal cuprous chloride — what do you see? Reagent: [Cu(NH₃)₂]Cl → Red precipitate (copper acetylide) · Confirms an acidic ≡C–H. Tap to flip Alcohol (–OH) Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) — what do you see? Reagent: (NH₄)₂[Ce(NO₃)₆] → Red / pink colouration · General test for –OH (alcohols). Tap to flip 🔒 +31 more cards Unlock with the free 2-day portal preview
Qualitative Salt Analysis 31 cards · Inorganic Chemistry Group 0 · NH₄⁺ Ammonium NH₄⁺ · Warm with NaOH — what do you observe? Pungent NH₃ gas — moist red litmus turns blue; white fumes with a HCl rod · Nessler’s reagent gives a brown ppt / colour. Tap to flip Group I · Pb²⁺ Lead Pb²⁺ · dilute HCl — what do you observe? White ppt (PbCl₂), soluble in hot water · Confirm: KI → yellow PbI₂ (golden spangles on cooling); K₂CrO₄ → yellow PbCrO₄. Tap to flip Group II · Cu²⁺ Cd²⁺ Bi³⁺ Copper Cu²⁺ · H₂S / dil. HCl, then excess NH₄OH — what do you observe? Black ppt (CuS); dissolves in NH₄OH to a deep blue [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ · Confirm: K₄[Fe(CN)₆] → chocolate-brown ppt. Tap to flip Group II · Cu²⁺ Cd²⁺ Bi³⁺ Cadmium Cd²⁺ · H₂S / dil. HCl — what do you observe? Yellow ppt (CdS) Tap to flip Group III · Fe³⁺ Al³⁺ Cr³⁺ Iron(III) Fe³⁺ · NH₄Cl + NH₄OH — what do you observe? Reddish-brown ppt (Fe(OH)₃) · Confirm: KSCN → blood-red; K₄[Fe(CN)₆] → Prussian blue. Tap to flip 🔒 +26 more cards Unlock with the free 2-day portal preview
Oxidising & Reducing Agents 47 cards · Organic Chemistry Reducing agents LiAlH₄ (dry ether) — what does it do? Strong hydride: –COOH, esters, acid chlorides, amides, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides → alcohols / amines. Also –NO₂ (aliphatic). · Leaves untouched: isolated C=C and C≡C. Reacts violently with water. Tap to flip Reducing agents NaBH₄ (water / alcohol) — what does it do? Mild hydride: aldehydes & ketones → alcohols; acid chlorides too. · Does NOT reduce: –COOH, esters, amides, nitriles, or isolated C=C. Safe in protic solvents. Tap to flip Reducing agents DIBAL-H (−78 °C) — what does it do? Partial reduction: ester or nitrile → aldehyde (stops at the aldehyde). · Low temperature is essential to stop over-reduction. Tap to flip Reducing agents H₂ / Ni, Pd or Pt (catalytic) — what does it do? Hydrogenates C=C, C≡C, –NO₂, C≡N, and (with Pt) C=O. · Not selective — reduces most π-bonds. Poisoned catalysts give control (below). Tap to flip Reducing agents Lindlar catalyst (Pd / CaCO₃, quinoline) — what does it do? Alkyne → cis-alkene (partial hydrogenation). · Stops at the alkene; gives the Z (cis) isomer. Tap to flip 🔒 +42 more cards Unlock with the free 2-day portal preview Every card, with spaced repetition Enrolled students get all 342 cards on their dashboard. Mark a card Got it or Again : the ones you miss come back tomorrow, the ones you know come back in 3 days, until they are mastered.
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